Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity

Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity Venessa Daly Objectives: To determine the effect enzyme concentration has on catalase activity To study the effect substrate concentration has on the rate of catalase activity To establish the effect temperature has on the activity of catalase Introduction: Enzymes control almost all cellular reactions. Enzymes are large globular proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. A catalyst reduces the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur, thus affects the reaction rate. Enzymes are very sensitive, they are affected by temperature and pH. Enzymes work as catalysts by combining with a substrate at the active site to form the enzyme-substrate complex, this then breaks down to release the enzyme and the product. Enzymes are shape specific, which means only substrate molecules with the corresponding shape will combine with the enzyme. This is known as the Lock and Key theory. So, because of this many different enzymes can be present in a cell, acting at the same time but not affecting each other. Enzymes are recovered unchanged from reactions so they can be reused again and again. Eventually, the effectiveness of the enzyme decreases over time and must be replaced.   Enzyme activity can be measured by: measuring the rate of formation of a product and measuring the rate of disappearance of a substance. Catalase is an enzyme found in almost all living organisms. It is a very important enzyme as it prevents the build-up of toxic hydrogen peroxide in cells. It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 Enzymes are affected by enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and temperature. As enzyme concentration increases the rate of reaction also increases linearly. However, once it reaches a very high enzyme concentration, the substrate concentration reaches a rate-limiting and the rate stops increasing. As the substrate concentration increases, the rate also increases. At higher concentrations, the enzymes become saturated with substrate so there a very few free enzyme molecules. So, adding more substrate would make no difference. The enzyme activity increases as temperature increases until an optimum temperature is reached. Once the optimum temperature is reached, if the temperature is increased any more then there is a decline in enzyme activity. Enzymes become denatured at a high temperature, the enzyme can then no longer carry out its function correctly. Method: A fresh potato was peeled and cut into small cubes. 100g of the tissue was weighed out. The potato, 100ml of cold distilled water and a small amount of crushed ice was placed into a pre-chilled blender. This was then homogenised for 30 seconds at high speed. The potato mixture was filtered. The filtrate was poured into a 100ml graduated cylinder. Cold distilled water was added to bring the volume to 100ml. 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0 units/ml of enzyme concentrations were made up, (the total volume in each should be 40mls). 40ml of 1% H2O2 solution was placed into five different beakers. Forceps were used to fully immerse a glass fibre disc into the first of the catalase solutions (100 units/ml). The disc absorbed the enzyme solution for 5 seconds, it was removed and allowed to drain for 10 seconds. The disc was then dropped into the first beaker of H2O2. The time was then recorded from the moment the disc touched the surface to the moment it reached the surface again. This was done with two separate discs and the average time was got. This was then repeated for each of the enzyme solutions. The rate of reaction versus enzyme concentration was then plotted. 40mls of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 5% and 10% hydrogen peroxide solutions we added to seven separate beakers. Forceps were used to fully immerse a glass fibre disc into 100 units/ml of the catalase solution. It was removed from the catalase after 5 seconds and allowed to drain for 10 seconds. The disc was then dropped into the 0.1% hydrogen peroxide solution. The time was recorded from the moment it touched the surface to the minute it reached the surface again. This was done twice with two separate discs and the average time was got. This was done using all the substrate solutions. The rate of reaction versus substrate concentrations were plotted. Water baths were set up at the temperatures: 0oC, 150C, 250C, 300C, 370C, 450C and 600C. 40mls of 1% hydrogen peroxide and 40mls of enzyme solution were incubated separately at each of the temperatures for 5 minutes. After the 5 minutes, a glass fibre disc was fully immersed into the enzyme solution for 5 seconds at 00C, using forceps. It was then removed and allowed to drain for 10 seconds before the disc was dropped into the beaker of the hydrogen peroxide. The time was recorded from the moment it touched the surface to the moment it reached the surface again. This was done twice using two separate discs each time at each temperature. The rate of reaction versus temperature was then plotted. Results: Concentration Time Average Time 1/Time 25% 22 22 22 0.045455 50% 15 14 14.5 0.068966 75% 14 12 12.5 0.08 100% 10 8 9 0.1111111 Concentration Time Average Time 1/Time 0.1% 46 42 44 0.022727 0.2% 32 29 30.5 0.032787 0.5% 18 16 17 0.058824 0.8% 14 12 13 0.076923 1% 8 10 9 0.11111 5% 5 3 4 0.25 10% 2 1 1.5 0.666667 Temperature (0C) Time Average Time 1/Time 0 16 15 15.5 0.064516 15 13 11 12 0.08 25 10 11 10.5 0.095238 30 10 9 9.5 0.105263 37 5 8 6.5 0.153846 45 9 15 11.5 0.08 60 149 157 153 0.006536 Discussion:       The effect the change of enzyme concentration had on the reaction time of catalase activity can be observed from the graph and table (a). When the enzyme concentration was 25%, the rate of reaction was 22 seconds. However, when the enzyme was at 100% the reaction occurred within 9 seconds. This was a difference of 13 seconds and a concentration change of 75%. The reason there was such a difference in the rate of reaction was because there was more enzyme concentration than substrate so the enzymes could easily react. The change of concentration in the substrate had a huge effect on the rate of reaction of catalase, this can be observed from table and graph (b). The reaction time was 44 seconds when the substrate concentration was 0.1%. When that concentration was 10% the reaction time was a quick 1.5 seconds. This proves that as the concentration of substrate increase so does the rate of reaction. However, if the concentration was continued to be increased eventually there would be very little free enzymes left so the rate of reaction slows down. It is clear from the table and graph (c) that enzymes optimum temperature is 37oC. The rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases up to 37oC, any temperature increase after that causes the rate of reaction to decrease. The enzymes begin to denature in any temperature higher than their optimum temperature. Conclusions: It is very important to understand what affects the rate of reaction in relation to enzymes in catalase activity. Enzymes control nearly all biological reactions, so this means it controls anything from digestion to tissue repair in the body. Enzymes are commonly prescribed to animals when a body process isnt functioning properly. So, it is essential to know what factors affect the productivity of enzymes to enable the correct treatment is given to the animal. Reference: S. Marsden (2008) Enzymes. [Online]. Available at: https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/enzymes [Accessed 18 February 2017].

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Content includes an example of how the personality characteristic for a least one trait cluster affected the character's choice. The paper links theory to relevant examples and uses the vocabulary of the theory correctly. Major points are stated clearly; are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis; and are organized logically. ; One film of reference Is Included. The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. The conclusion is logical, flows from the body of the paper, and reviews the major points.Readability and Style 5 Points Points Earned Paragraph transitions are present, logical, and maintain the flow throughout the paper. Your paper was easy to follow easy to read. Good Job. The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. Sentences are complete, clear, and concise. Sentences are well constructed, with consistently strong, varied sentences. Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought. Mechanics 15 /15 The paper, including the title page, reference page, tables, and appendixes, follows PAP formatting guidelines. You did well on this section also.Jewell seems to be the subject of this mental disorder, coupled with scientific product. Although it is safe to say that most of us would score somewhere at the low or high end of the Big Five characteristic traits, there is usually a plateau upon which we can be scored. Contrarily, Dir. Jewell fluctuated between these two extremes, enjoying each in its totality, until the pressure of the duality became too much to bear. I believe the concept of humanity's sense of good and evil (our duality) can be represented by the low and high ends of the Big Five harmonistic traits that dwell within us all.Therefore, the individual who is perceived as psychotic, as was Dir. Jewell, could possibly be fighting the notion that good and evil exists within us all and results in the evil being projected onto others. Analyzing the story of Dir. Henry Jew ell and Mr.. Edward Hyde, theories vary as to what kind of evil Mr.. Hyde heaped on the public, as it is never really explained. However, the reader is left to his/her own imagination, based on the author's overall tone of the story, though we can safely assume that he was totally on opposite ends f morality.Also noted is â€Å"The susceptibility to psychosis-psychopaths is evident from an early age† (Cord,2000) as in the case of Dir. Jewell. When at the low end of the spectrum of the Big Five personality traits, Dir. Jelly's decision making was wise and well-thought out, as a 2 respectable doctor and member of society. He felt, for example, remorse when reflecting on the sins of Mr.. Hyde, such as when Mr.. Hyde murders Sir Dangers Care, a kind, white haired, old man and important Member of Parliament. On the other hand, when at the high end of the spectrum, Mr..Hyde feels no remorse and actually enjoys the euphoria of the evilness of his actions. When the Doctor is no longe r able to control his personality swings and Dir. Jewell fears he is losing himself to Mr.. Hyde , he knows that he is in trouble and will soon be completely on the high end of the spectrum, unable to transform to Dir. Jewell. Dreading this, he makes the choice to reveal his alter ego to Dir. Hastiest Lyon, a friend of his, (Hyde transforms himself back into Jewell in Dir. Layman's presence) could possibly have been a cry or help.This revelation fits in the personality cluster of Extroversion (â€Å"Extroversion is ally a family of related smaller traits (such as sociability, warmth, and excitement seeking), all sharing a resemblance to each other, but each carving out something of its own identity within the broad family constellation† (The Person, p. 157). The Doctor's inner struggle with personality conflict is rapidly approaching an end and will ultimately culminate in his suicide. His inner struggle had finally come to an end, but not before he could leave a letter (suic ide note) explaining his dilemma.I guess we could say that Dir. Jelly's personality could also be classified under Open to Experience (as well as open to experimentation). What started out as an experiment in personality soon became a reality wherein the victor became the victim. As always, there is an inner struggle with a person's dual personalities; good and evil. The Beast Within (Writers: Tom Holland (screen story & screen play (February 15,1982), The Wolfram (Writer: Curt Kodiak (original 3 screenplay), 1941) are Just two of the many screen adaptations of the story of Dir. Jewell and Mr..Hyde, and in every one, the complex dichotomy of outward respectability and inward lust are the focus. This examination of the duality of human nature, I believe, can be linked to all human beings. Although our personalities may not be as extreme as that of Dir. Jewell, we all struggle inwardly and labeling our characteristics can be a helpful beginning in determining those who might be at ris k for sinking into the depths of despair and giving in to suicidal urges in order to end their misery. All the books, plays and movies have a common theme; they all blame some outside influence for the metamorphosis that transpires. Dir.

Canada’s Tainted History Inhumane Living Conditions for...

The Japanese living in Canada during World War II (WWII) faced one of the harshest and inhumane living conditions in Canadian history. One unidentified woman remembers, â€Å"it was terrible, unbelievable. They kept us in the stalls where they put the cattle and horses.† Before WWII, the Japanese were targeted for their culture. An example is the Anti-Asiatic League that was created to limit the number of Japanese men that could immigrate to Canada. Canadians did not want the potential competitors in farming and fishing. 22,000 Japanese Canadians were interned during WWII, even though 14,000 had been Canadian born citizens. This was because the Japanese had bombed Canada’s ally, the United States. With this in mind, the Canadians viewed the†¦show more content†¦Subsequently, 1,200 fishing boats, newspapers, and schools were shut down. The Japanese had already faced many problems, but the situation would only get worse as time went on. Gradually, the problems continued for the Japanese people. Thus, the introduction of the â€Å"Custodian of Alien Enemy Property† that allowed the Canadian government to sell the confiscated property of the Japanese. Shizuye Takashima, an internee, remembers, I have to pay taxes, but have never been allowed to vote. Even now, they took our land, our houses, our children, everything. We are their enemies. The only things not taken were the things they could carry under the 68 kilogram weight limit. Despite earlier promises to the Japanese, the property was sold to pay for storage, handling, other camp costs, and the rest was rewarded in inadequate allowances to the Japanese. Similarly, the Japanese were also robbed of their hard-earned bank money, stocks, and bonds. As a result, their fishing boats were also impounded. The white fishermen were able to get more fishing done without the Japanese in the way. Generally speaking, the Japanese lost all they worked for. For this reaso n, it was impossible for them to return to their original homes. Even so, they did not retaliate†¦ Gaman, the act of obeying obligations and duties, was a part of the Japanese culture. Now thatShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesterrorism ever be eradicated? 7. Sports a. True purpose of sports nowadays b. Sports and Media 8. Foreign Aid a. How effective is Foreign Aid? 9. Migration a. Is migration/having foreigners good? 10. Subjects a. Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language 11. Businesses a. Business morality b. Charities as businesses 12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance

History Of Geographic Information Systems ( Gis )

The History of Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a way that information can embedded into and retrieved from maps, today this is done using computers, because of the complexity of the information that can be used, but was once done manually. GIS has become common place in the modern world that we live in, they are useful for simple things such basic maps to much more complex tasks including research and statistics, city planning, as well as many more. One of the first uses of a GIS was in the fight against cholera, first Charles Picquet produced a map of 48 districts in Paris that displayed the number of deaths from cholera per 1000 inhabitants using a colour gradient (Bagais, 2012). Then in 1854 John Snow, an English doctor, created a GIS map of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London. His map used points to show where each case of cholera had occurred, through the use of this technique he was able to determine that the cause of the cholera outbreak was a water pump located on Broad Street, of w hich he removed the handle and ended the epidemic (Johnson, 2006). The development of GIS was very slow in these early years, and it was not until the early 20th century that any real advancement in GIS was seen, this was because of the increasing development of photozincography (Cook, 2002). 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